PHP Secure E-mails

There is a weakness in the PHP e-mail script in the previous chapter.

PHP E-mail Injections

First, look at the PHP code from the previous chapter:

<html>
<body>

<?php
if (isset($_REQUEST['email']))
//if "email" is filled out, send email
  {
  //send email
  $email = $_REQUEST['email'] ;
  $subject = $_REQUEST['subject'] ;
  $message = $_REQUEST['message'] ;
  mail("someone@example.com", "Subject: $subject",
  $message, "From: $email" );
  echo "Thank you for using our mail form";
  }
else
//if "email" is not filled out, display the form
  {
  echo "<form method='post' action='mailform.php'>
  Email: <input name='email' type='text' /><br />
  Subject: <input name='subject' type='text' /><br />
  Message:<br />
  <textarea name='message' rows='15' cols='40'>
  </textarea><br />
  <input type='submit' />
  </form>";
  }
?>

</body>
</html>

The problem with the code above is that unauthorized users can insert data into the mail headers via the input form.
What happens if the user adds the following text to the email input field in the form?

someone@example.com%0ACc:person2@example.com
%0ABcc:person3@example.com,person3@example.com,
anotherperson4@example.com,person5@example.com
%0ABTo:person6@example.com

The mail() function puts the text above into the mail headers as usual, and now the header has an extra Cc:, Bcc:, and To: field. When the user clicks the submit button, the e-mail will be sent to all of the addresses above!

PHP Stopping E-mail Injections

The best way to stop e-mail injections is to validate the input.
The code below is the same as in the previous chapter, but now we have added an input validator that checks the email field in the form:

<html>
<body>
<?php
function spamcheck($field)
  {
  //filter_var() sanitizes the e-mail
  //address using FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL
  $field=filter_var($field, FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL);

  //filter_var() validates the e-mail
  //address using FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL
  if(filter_var($field, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))
    {
    return TRUE;
    }
  else
    {
    return FALSE;
    }
  }

if (isset($_REQUEST['email']))
  {//if "email" is filled out, proceed

  //check if the email address is invalid
  $mailcheck = spamcheck($_REQUEST['email']);
  if ($mailcheck==FALSE)
    {
    echo "Invalid input";
    }
  else
    {//send email
    $email = $_REQUEST['email'] ;
    $subject = $_REQUEST['subject'] ;
    $message = $_REQUEST['message'] ;
    mail("someone@example.com", "Subject: $subject",
    $message, "From: $email" );
    echo "Thank you for using our mail form";
    }
  }
else
  {//if "email" is not filled out, display the form
  echo "<form method='post' action='mailform.php'>
  Email: <input name='email' type='text' /><br />
  Subject: <input name='subject' type='text' /><br />
  Message:<br />
  <textarea name='message' rows='15' cols='40'>
  </textarea><br />
  <input type='submit' />
  </form>";
  }
?>

</body>
</html>

In the code above we use PHP filters to validate input:

The FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL filter removes all illegal e-mail characters from a string
The FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL filter validates value as an e-mail address

PHP Error Handling

The default error handling in PHP is very simple. An error message with filename, line number and a message describing the error is sent to the browser.

PHP Error Handling

When creating scripts and web applications, error handling is an important part. If your code lacks error checking code, your program may look very unprofessional and you may be open to security risks.
This tutorial contains some of the most common error checking methods in PHP.
We will show different error handling methods:

Simple "die()" statements
Custom errors and error triggers
Error reporting

Basic Error Handling: Using the die() function

The first example shows a simple script that opens a text file:

<?php

$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r");

?>

If the file does not exist you might get an error like this:

Warning: fopen(welcome.txt) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream:

No such file or directory in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 2

To avoid that the user gets an error message like the one above, we test if the file exist before we try to access it:

<?php

if(!file_exists("welcome.txt"))

 die("File not found");

else

 $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r");

?>

Now if the file does not exist you get an error like this:

File not found

The code above is more efficient than the earlier code, because it uses a simple error handling mechanism to stop the script after the error.
However, simply stopping the script is not always the right way to go. Let's take a look at alternative PHP functions for handling errors.

Creating a Custom Error Handler

Creating a custom error handler is quite simple. We simply create a special function that can be called when an error occurs in PHP.
This function must be able to handle a minimum of two parameters (error level and error message) but can accept up to five parameters (optionally: file, line-number, and the error context):

Syntax

error_function(error_level,error_message,

error_file,error_line,error_context)

Parameter	Description
error_level	Required. Specifies the error report level for the user-defined error. Must be a value number. See table below for possible error report levels
error_message	Required. Specifies the error message for the user-defined error
error_file	Optional. Specifies the filename in which the error occurred
error_line	Optional. Specifies the line number in which the error occurred
error_context	Optional. Specifies an array containing every variable, and their values, in use when the error occurred

Error Report levels

These error report levels are the different types of error the user-defined error handler can be used for:

Value	Constant	Description
2	E_WARNING	Non-fatal run-time errors. Execution of the script is not halted
8	E_NOTICE	Run-time notices. The script found something that might be an error, but could also happen when running a script normally
256	E_USER_ERROR	Fatal user-generated error. This is like an E_ERROR set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error()
512	E_USER_WARNING	Non-fatal user-generated warning. This is like an E_WARNING set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error()
1024	E_USER_NOTICE	User-generated notice. This is like an E_NOTICE set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error()
4096	E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR	Catchable fatal error. This is like an E_ERROR but can be caught by a user defined handle (see also set_error_handler())
8191	E_ALL	All errors and warnings, except level E_STRICT (E_STRICT will be part of E_ALL as of PHP 6.0)

Now lets create a function to handle errors:

function customError($errno, $errstr)

 echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />";

 echo "Ending Script";

 die();

The code above is a simple error handling function. When it is triggered, it gets the error level and an error message. It then outputs the error level and message and terminates the script.
Now that we have created an error handling function we need to decide when it should be triggered.

Set Error Handler

The default error handler for PHP is the built in error handler. We are going to make the function above the default error handler for the duration of the script.
It is possible to change the error handler to apply for only some errors, that way the script can handle different errors in different ways. However, in this example we are going to use our custom error handler for all errors:

set_error_handler("customError");

Since we want our custom function to handle all errors, the set_error_handler() only needed one parameter, a second parameter could be added to specify an error level.

Example

Testing the error handler by trying to output variable that does not exist:

<?php

//error handler function

function customError($errno, $errstr)

 echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr";

//set error handler

set_error_handler("customError");

//trigger error

echo($test);

?>

The output of the code above should be something like this:

Error: [8] Undefined variable: test

Trigger an Error

In a script where users can input data it is useful to trigger errors when an illegal input occurs. In PHP, this is done by the trigger_error() function.

Example

In this example an error occurs if the "test" variable is bigger than "1":

<?php

$test=2;

if ($test>1)

trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below");

?>

The output of the code above should be something like this:

Notice: Value must be 1 or below

in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 6

An error can be triggered anywhere you wish in a script, and by adding a second parameter, you can specify what error level is triggered.

Possible error types:

E_USER_ERROR - Fatal user-generated run-time error. Errors that can not be recovered from. Execution of the script is halted
E_USER_WARNING - Non-fatal user-generated run-time warning. Execution of the script is not halted
E_USER_NOTICE - Default. User-generated run-time notice. The script found something that might be an error, but could also happen when running a script normally

Example

In this example an E_USER_WARNING occurs if the "test" variable is bigger than "1". If an E_USER_WARNING occurs we will use our custom error handler and end the script:

<?php

//error handler function

function customError($errno, $errstr)

 echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />";

 echo "Ending Script";

 die();

//set error handler

set_error_handler("customError",E_USER_WARNING);

//trigger error

$test=2;

if ($test>1)

 trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below",E_USER_WARNING);

?>

The output of the code above should be something like this:

Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below

Ending Script

Now that we have learned to create our own errors and how to trigger them, lets take a look at error logging.

Error Logging

By default, PHP sends an error log to the servers logging system or a file, depending on how the error_log configuration is set in the php.ini file. By using the error_log() function you can send error logs to a specified file or a remote destination.
Sending errors messages to yourself by e-mail can be a good way of getting notified of specific errors.

Send an Error Message by E-Mail

In the example below we will send an e-mail with an error message and end the script, if a specific error occurs:

<?php

//error handler function

function customError($errno, $errstr)

 echo "<b>Error:</b> [$errno] $errstr<br />";

 echo "Webmaster has been notified";

 error_log("Error: [$errno] $errstr",1,

 "someone@example.com","From: webmaster@example.com");

//set error handler

set_error_handler("customError",E_USER_WARNING);

//trigger error

$test=2;

if ($test>1)

 trigger_error("Value must be 1 or below",E_USER_WARNING);

?>

The output of the code above should be something like this:

Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below

Webmaster has been notified

And the mail received from the code above looks like this:

Error: [512] Value must be 1 or below

This should not be used with all errors. Regular errors should be logged on the server using the default PHP logging system.

PHP Exception Handling

Exceptions are used to change the normal flow of a script if a specified error occurs

What is an Exception

With PHP 5 came a new object oriented way of dealing with errors.
Exception handling is used to change the normal flow of the code execution if a specified error (exceptional) condition occurs. This condition is called an exception.

This is what normally happens when an exception is triggered:

The current code state is saved
The code execution will switch to a predefined (custom) exception handler function
Depending on the situation, the handler may then resume the execution from the saved code state, terminate the script execution or continue the script from a different location in the code

We will show different error handling methods:

Basic use of Exceptions
Creating a custom exception handler
Multiple exceptions
Re-throwing an exception
Setting a top level exception handler

Note: Exceptions should only be used with error conditions, and should not be used to jump to another place in the code at a specified point.

Basic Use of Exceptions

When an exception is thrown, the code following it will not be executed, and PHP will try to find the matching "catch" block.
If an exception is not caught, a fatal error will be issued with an "Uncaught Exception" message.
Lets try to throw an exception without catching it:

<?php

//create function with an exception

function checkNum($number)

 if($number>1)

  throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below");

 return true;

//trigger exception

checkNum(2);

?>

The code above will get an error like this:

Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception'

with message 'Value must be 1 or below' in C:\webfolder\test.php:6

Stack trace: #0 C:\webfolder\test.php(12):

checkNum(28) #1 {main} thrown in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 6

Try, throw and catch

To avoid the error from the example above, we need to create the proper code to handle an exception.
Proper exception code should include:

1. Try - A function using an exception should be in a "try" block. If the exception does not trigger, the code will continue as normal. However if the exception triggers, an exception is "thrown"

2. Throw - This is how you trigger an exception. Each "throw" must have at least one "catch"

3. Catch - A "catch" block retrieves an exception and creates an object containing the exception information

Lets try to trigger an exception with valid code:

<?php

//create function with an exception

function checkNum($number)

 if($number>1)

  throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below");

 return true;

//trigger exception in a "try" block

try

 checkNum(2);

 //If the exception is thrown, this text will not be shown

 echo 'If you see this, the number is 1 or below';

//catch exception

catch(Exception $e)

 echo 'Message: ' .$e->getMessage();

?>

The code above will get an error like this:

Message: Value must be 1 or below

Example explained:

The code above throws an exception and catches it:

1. The checkNum() function is created. It checks if a number is greater than 1. If it is, an exception is thrown

2. The checkNum() function is called in a "try" block

3. The exception within the checkNum() function is thrown

4. The "catch" block retrives the exception and creates an object ($e) containing the exception information

5. The error message from the exception is echoed by calling $e->getMessage() from the exception object

However, one way to get around the "every throw must have a catch" rule is to set a top level exception handler to handle errors that slip through.

Creating a Custom Exception Class

Creating a custom exception handler is quite simple. We simply create a special class with functions that can be called when an exception occurs in PHP. The class must be an extension of the exception class.
The custom exception class inherits the properties from PHP's exception class and you can add custom functions to it.

Lets create an exception class:

<?php

class customException extends Exception

 public function errorMessage()

  //error message

  $errorMsg = 'Error on line '.$this->getLine().' in '.$this->getFile()

  .': <b>'.$this->getMessage().'</b> is not a valid E-Mail address';

  return $errorMsg;

$email = "someone@example...com";

try

 //check if

 if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === FALSE)

  //throw exception if email is not valid

  throw new customException($email);

catch (customException $e)

 //display custom message

 echo $e->errorMessage();

?>

The new class is a copy of the old exception class with an addition of the errorMessage() function. Since it is a copy of the old class, and it inherits the properties and methods from the old class, we can use the exception class methods like getLine() and getFile() and getMessage().

Example explained:

The code above throws an exception and catches it with a custom exception class:

1. The customException() class is created as an extension of the old exception class. This way it inherits all methods and properties from the old exception class

2. The errorMessage() function is created. This function returns an error message if an e-mail address is invalid

3. The $email variable is set to a string that is not a valid e-mail address

4. The "try" block is executed and an exception is thrown since the e-mail address is invalid

5. The "catch" block catches the exception and displays the error message

Multiple Exceptions

It is possible for a script to use multiple exceptions to check for multiple conditions.
It is possible to use several if..else blocks, a switch, or nest multiple exceptions. These exceptions can use different exception classes and return different error messages:

<?php

class customException extends Exception

public function errorMessage()

//error message

$errorMsg = 'Error on line '.$this->getLine().' in '.$this->getFile()

.': <b>'.$this->getMessage().'</b> is not a valid E-Mail address';

return $errorMsg;

$email = "someone@example.com";

try

 //check if

 if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === FALSE)

  //throw exception if email is not valid

  throw new customException($email);

 //check for "example" in mail address

 if(strpos($email, "example") !== FALSE)

  throw new Exception("$email is an example e-mail");

catch (customException $e)

 echo $e->errorMessage();

catch(Exception $e)

 echo $e->getMessage();

?>

Example explained:

The code above tests two conditions and throws an exception if any of the conditions are not met:

1. The customException() class is created as an extension of the old exception class. This way it inherits all methods and properties from the old exception class

2. The errorMessage() function is created. This function returns an error message if an e-mail address is invalid

3. The $email variable is set to a string that is a valid e-mail address, but contains the string "example"

4. The "try" block is executed and an exception is not thrown on the first condition

5. The second condition triggers an exception since the e-mail contains the string "example"

6. The "catch" block catches the exception and displays the correct error message

If there was no customException catch, only the base exception catch, the exception would be handled there

Re-throwing Exceptions

Sometimes, when an exception is thrown, you may wish to handle it differently than the standard way. It is possible to throw an exception a second time within a "catch" block.
A script should hide system errors from users. System errors may be important for the coder, but is of no interest to the user. To make things easier for the user you can re-throw the exception with a user friendly message:

<?php

class customException extends Exception

 public function errorMessage()

  //error message

  $errorMsg = $this->getMessage().' is not a valid E-Mail address.';

  return $errorMsg;

$email = "someone@example.com";

try

try

  //check for "example" in mail address

  if(strpos($email, "example") !== FALSE)

   //throw exception if email is not valid

   throw new Exception($email);

 catch(Exception $e)

  //re-throw exception

  throw new customException($email);

catch (customException $e)

 //display custom message

 echo $e->errorMessage();

?>

Example explained:

The code above tests if the email-address contains the string "example" in it, if it does, the exception is re-thrown:

1. The customException() class is created as an extension of the old exception class. This way it inherits all methods and properties from the old exception class

2. The errorMessage() function is created. This function returns an error message if an e-mail address is invalid

3. The $email variable is set to a string that is a valid e-mail address, but contains the string "example"

4. The "try" block contains another "try" block to make it possible to re-throw the exception

5. The exception is triggered since the e-mail contains the string "example"

6. The "catch" block catches the exception and re-throws a "customException"

7. The "customException" is caught and displays an error message

If the exception is not caught in its current "try" block, it will search for a catch block on "higher levels".

Set a Top Level Exception Handler

The set_exception_handler() function sets a user-defined function to handle all uncaught exceptions.

<?php

function myException($exception)

echo "<b>Exception:</b> " , $exception->getMessage();

set_exception_handler('myException');

throw new Exception('Uncaught Exception occurred');

?>

The output of the code above should be something like this:

Exception: Uncaught Exception occurred

In the code above there was no "catch" block. Instead, the top level exception handler triggered. This function should be used to catch uncaught exceptions.

Rules for exceptions

Code may be surrounded in a try block, to help catch potential exceptions
Each try block or "throw" must have at least one corresponding catch block
Multiple catch blocks can be used to catch different classes of exceptions
Exceptions can be thrown (or re-thrown) in a catch block within a try block

A simple rule: If you throw something, you have to catch it.

PHP Filter

PHP filters are used to validate and filter data coming from insecure sources, like user input.

What is a PHP Filter?

A PHP filter is used to validate and filter data coming from insecure sources.
To test, validate and filter user input or custom data is an important part of any web application.
The PHP filter extension is designed to make data filtering easier and quicker.

Why use a Filter?

Almost all web applications depend on external input. Usually this comes from a user or another application (like a web service). By using filters you can be sure your application gets the correct input type.
You should always filter all external data!
Input filtering is one of the most important application security issues.
What is external data?

Input data from a form
Cookies
Web services data
Server variables
Database query results

Functions and Filters

To filter a variable, use one of the following filter functions:

filter_var() - Filters a single variable with a specified filter
filter_var_array() - Filter several variables with the same or different filters
filter_input - Get one input variable and filter it
filter_input_array - Get several input variables and filter them with the same or different filters

In the example below, we validate an integer using the filter_var() function:

<?php

$int = 123;

if(!filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT))

 echo("Integer is not valid");

else

 echo("Integer is valid");

?>

The code above uses the "FILTER_VALIDATE_INT" filter to filter the variable. Since the integer is valid, the output of the code above will be: "Integer is valid".
If we try with a variable that is not an integer (like "123abc"), the output will be: "Integer is not valid".
For a complete list of functions and filters, visit our PHP Filter Reference.

Validating and Sanitizing

There are two kinds of filters:
Validating filters:

Are used to validate user input
Strict format rules (like URL or E-Mail validating)
Returns the expected type on success or FALSE on failure

Sanitizing filters:

Are used to allow or disallow specified characters in a string
No data format rules
Always return the string

Options and Flags

Options and flags are used to add additional filtering options to the specified filters.
Different filters have different options and flags.

In the example below, we validate an integer using the filter_var() and the "min_range" and "max_range" options:

<?php

$var=300;

$int_options = array(

"options"=>array

 "min_range"=>0,

 "max_range"=>256

);

if(!filter_var($var, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT, $int_options))

 echo("Integer is not valid");

else

 echo("Integer is valid");

?>

Like the code above, options must be put in an associative array with the name "options". If a flag is used it does not need to be in an array.
Since the integer is "300" it is not in the specified range, and the output of the code above will be: "Integer is not valid".
For a complete list of functions and filters, visit our PHP Filter Reference. Check each filter to see what options and flags are available.

Validate Input

Let's try validating input from a form.
The first thing we need to do is to confirm that the input data we are looking for exists.
Then we filter the input data using the filter_input() function.
In the example below, the input variable "email" is sent to the PHP page:

<?php

if(!filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, "email"))

 echo("Input type does not exist");

else

 if (!filter_input(INPUT_GET, "email", FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))

  echo "E-Mail is not valid";

 else

  echo "E-Mail is valid";

?>

Example Explained

The example above has an input (email) sent to it using the "GET" method:

1. Check if an "email" input variable of the "GET" type exist

2. If the input variable exists, check if it is a valid e-mail address

Sanitize Input

Let's try cleaning up an URL sent from a form.
First we confirm that the input data we are looking for exists.
Then we sanitize the input data using the filter_input() function.
In the example below, the input variable "url" is sent to the PHP page:

<?php

if(!filter_has_var(INPUT_POST, "url"))

 echo("Input type does not exist");

else

 $url = filter_input(INPUT_POST,

 "url", FILTER_SANITIZE_URL);

?>

Example Explained

The example above has an input (url) sent to it using the "POST" method:

1. Check if the "url" input of the "POST" type exists

2. If the input variable exists, sanitize (take away invalid characters) and store it in the $url variable

If the input variable is a string like this "http://www.W3ååSchøøools.com/", the $url variable after the sanitizing will look like this:

http://www.W3Schools.com/

Filter Multiple Inputs

A form almost always consist of more than one input field. To avoid calling the filter_var or filter_input functions over and over, we can use the filter_var_array or the filter_input_array functions.
In this example we use the filter_input_array() function to filter three GET variables. The received GET variables is a name, an age and an e-mail address:

<?php

$filters = array

 "name" => array

  "filter"=>FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING

),

 "age" => array

  "filter"=>FILTER_VALIDATE_INT,

  "options"=>array

   "min_range"=>1,

   "max_range"=>120

),

 "email"=> FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL,

);

$result = filter_input_array(INPUT_GET, $filters);

if (!$result["age"])

 echo("Age must be a number between 1 and 120.<br />");

elseif(!$result["email"])

 echo("E-Mail is not valid.<br />");

else

 echo("User input is valid");

?>

Example Explained

The example above has three inputs (name, age and email) sent to it using the "GET" method:

1. Set an array containing the name of input variables and the filters used on the specified input variables

2. Call the filter_input_array() function with the GET input variables and the array we just set

3. Check the "age" and "email" variables in the $result variable for invalid inputs. (If any of the input variables are invalid, that input variable will be FALSE after the filter_input_array() function)

The second parameter of the filter_input_array() function can be an array or a single filter ID.
If the parameter is a single filter ID all values in the input array are filtered by the specified filter.
If the parameter is an array it must follow these rules:

Must be an associative array containing an input variable as an array key (like the "age" input variable)
The array value must be a filter ID or an array specifying the filter, flags and options

Labels

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THOUGHTS

Wednesday, August 10, 2011

PHP Tutorial Part 5

PHP Secure E-mails

PHP E-mail Injections

PHP Stopping E-mail Injections

PHP Error Handling

PHP Error Handling

Basic Error Handling: Using the die() function

Creating a Custom Error Handler

Syntax

Error Report levels

Set Error Handler

Example

Trigger an Error

Example

Example

Error Logging

Send an Error Message by E-Mail

PHP Exception Handling

What is an Exception

Basic Use of Exceptions

Try, throw and catch

Example explained:

Creating a Custom Exception Class

Example explained:

Multiple Exceptions

Example explained:

Re-throwing Exceptions

Example explained:

Set a Top Level Exception Handler

Rules for exceptions

PHP Filter

What is a PHP Filter?

Why use a Filter?

Functions and Filters

Validating and Sanitizing

Options and Flags

Validate Input

Example Explained

Sanitize Input

Example Explained

Filter Multiple Inputs

Example Explained

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